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- SCIENCE, Page 48The 4,000-Year-Old Man
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- Mummified remains of an ancient mountain climber give scientists
- a rare glimpse into life in the early Bronze Age
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- By PHILIP ELMER-DEWITT -- Reported by Anne Constable/London and
- Angela Leuker/Vienna
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- One day a long time ago, a young man bundled himself up
- in a weatherproof leather coat, shouldered a crude wooden
- backpack, grabbed a knife, a bow and an ax, and headed into the
- Tyrolean Alps, which run between Austria and Italy. Up high in
- the mountains, at about 3,200 m (10,500 ft.), something happened
- -- an accident, a violent blow -- that took his life and left
- him to be swallowed by the Similaun Glacier. There he lay,
- locked in a crevasse, buried, frozen, forgotten.
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- Now, 4,000 years later, he has turned up -- virtually
- intact and remarkably well preserved -- a messenger from the
- ancient past. Stumbled upon at the glacier's edge by a pair of
- German climbers, the mummified corpse was identified last week
- as a rare human specimen from the early Bronze Age, possibly
- the oldest ever found in Europe. Although hundreds of Bronze
- and Iron Age bodies have been found in the bogs of northwest
- Europe, the "Iceman from the Similaun," as he was dubbed by the
- Austrian press, is much better preserved. It was a find of
- "extraordinary scientific significance," says Professor Konrad
- Spindler at the University of Inns bruck, where the Iceman was
- flown for detailed study.
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- The discovery gives a glimpse into a murky period of
- European history. In the Bronze Age, central Europe was a
- relatively primitive place compared with the kingdoms of Egypt
- and the great city-states of Mesopotamia. The land was populated
- largely by preliterate farmers, living in small communities, who
- supported themselves with mixed agriculture and hunting. Without
- any written records, scientists trying to draw a picture of the
- ancient Europeans have had to rely on what they could discover
- from excavations. "We have lots of cemeteries and lots of
- settlements," says Peter Wells, director of the Center for
- Ancient Studies at the University of Minnesota. "But rarely do
- we get a glimpse of actual people using their artifacts in
- everyday life."
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- In that respect, the Iceman has already yielded a trove of
- detail. He was a 20- to 40-year-old man, about 160 cm (5 ft. 3
- in.) tall, with tattoos in the shape of crosses and lines. The
- wear on his teeth suggests a diet of meat and stone-ground
- meal. (An analysis of his stomach contents may yield more
- information about his eating habits.) Well equipped for an
- Alpine trip, he wore a jacket of tanned leather stitched
- together with fine thongs. His leather boots were lined with hay
- to keep out the winter chill.
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- What was he doing in the mountains? He was probably not a
- hunter, since most of the deer, badgers and wild pigs would have
- been found in forests at lower altitudes. He may have been
- searching for gold and other precious metals. He could have been
- on the run, hiding from enemies in the treacherous mountain
- passes. Or, says Spindler, he may simply have been on his way
- to visit a friend in the next valley -- a trip disastrous for
- him but lucky for scientists 40 centuries in the future.
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